The WordPress Genesis theme uses featured images on its posts on several of its themes. If you’re curious as to where the Genesis theme stores the image links on the database, you’ll need to go to a couple of WordPress tables to find them. First and foremost, you’ll need to get the ID of your WordPress post. You can easily find this by hovering over the edit link and checking the ID number.
Let’s pretend the post ID is 110. You will then need to find the meta_value in the wp_postmeta table.
Table: wp_postmeta
meta_id post_id meta_key meta_value
544 110 _thumbnail_id 45
SELECT meta_value FROM wp_postmeta WHERE meta_key='_thumbnail_id' and post_id=110;
The result is 45. Now that you have the meta_value, you can then search for the link from the wp_posts table.
Table: wp_posts
ID post_type guid
45 attachment http://yourdomain.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/featured-image.jpg
SELECT guid FROM wp_posts WHERE post_type='attachment' and id=45;
The result will be the URL of the image, e.g. http://yourdomain.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/featured-image.jpg.
It’s an odd place to store the image link, but that’s where it is.